White-Collar Crime Essay - 1057 Words

Today, worldwide, there are several thousands of crimes being committed. Some don’t necessarily require a lethal weapon but are associated with various types of sophisticated fraud, this also known as a white-collar crime. These crimes involve a few different methods that take place within a business setting. While ethical business practices add money to the bottom line, unethical practices are ultimately leading to business failure and impacting the U.S. financially. The forms of bribery and embezzlement have been around longer than dirt. The earliest white-collar crime, that was documented, dates back to the 15th century in England. The law was forced upon society in 1473 in response to embezzlement, or also recognized as the Carrier’s†¦show more content†¦It wasn’t long until nations across the world recognized this act and instituted laws as well. For instance, Poland passed anti-money-laundering legislation among others (â€Å"The Evolution of Whit e-Collar Crime†). High-profile white-collar crime has a few complicated financial terms and violations. The first is insider trading, which is referring to buying or selling a company’s stock while knowing or possessing non-public information. For instance if the employee was to tell a friend important company information and the friend trades that corporations stock, both will be indicted. The next is securities fraud, which involves deceit of a company’s performance. This dishonesty manipulates the market, which results in people making bad investments. The third violation is antitrust, which is also considered as monopoly values. For example, abusing the power of price fixing, or artificially raising prices beyond competitive market values. The last crime is bribery; quid pro quo plays a huge role in this specific violation. For instance, where someone gives a gift or does something to please upper management in exchange for a favorable act (â€Å"High-profi le White-Collar Crime†). While the criminal commits these crimes, they seem to forget the ripple effect that this can cause in a business and society. They think they’re cheating the business out of money and have a worry free future lying rightShow MoreRelatedWhite Collar Crime1488 Words   |  6 PagesWelcome to the age of white collar crime. A time when the words thieves and businessmen go hand in hand. White collar criminals dont get their hands dirty in their work. They use their heads to get what they want instead of using a little muscle. These criminals are just as dangerous as the rapists and murderers. In these times, even the most seemingly respectable people are suspected of white collar crimes. President Clinton and the first lady Hillary Clinton have been tangled up in the WhitewaterRead MoreThe And White Collar Crime897 Words   |  4 Pages1. Literature Review Crimes have been occurring in our society for many years and recently the occurrence of non-violent crimes has increased dramatically. Traditional and white collar crimes have two traits in common, an objective and a modus operandi, but the major difference is that a white collar criminal has a plan and also the ability, knowledge and technology to execute it (Nevis, 2012). White-collar crimes can occur at any occupational level and affects all parts of society, from big businessesRead MoreWhite Collar Crimes And Street Crimes1431 Words   |  6 PagesCrimes are one of the many things that all humans have in common. Whether it be a serious crime or not, everyone can commit a crime and go to jail for it. There are two types of crime that can be considered complete opposites of each other. They are white collar crimes and street crimes. White collar crimes are considered nonviolent crimes committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his/her occupation such as fraud, embezzlement, or bribery. On the other hand,Read MoreBlack Collar Crimes And White Collar Crime1956 Words   |  8 Pagesexplaining what white collar crime in its introduction. The paper will then explain the distinct types of white collar crimes, after that different case study’s will be presented from the book to give examples of the diverse types of white collar crimes. After that the paper will talk about the diverse ways to combat white collar crimes while also going over the challenges law enforcement face when fighting white collar crime. Finally, the author will give his conclusion on white collar crime. Read MoreWhite Collar Crimes And Street Crimes1083 Words   |  5 PagesWhite-collar crimes are just as prevalent today as ordinary street crimes. Studies show that criminal acts committed by white-collar criminals continue to increase due to unforeseen opportunities presented in the corporate world, but these crimes are often overlooked or minimally publicized in reference to criminal acts on the street. Many street crimes are viewed as unnecessary, horrendous crimes because they are committed by lower class citizens, whereas white collar crimes are illegal acts committedRead MoreWhite Collar Crime2498 Words   |  10 Pagesdefinition of white collar and white collar crime * Various types of white collar crime B. Thesis statement: There are 3 causes of white collar and 5 way to combat with white collar crime. II. The cause of white collar crime is opportunities to commit crime. A. The loophole of the law and security B. An individual well known the operation of a company, the chances to commit fraud is higher. III. Second causes of white collar crime are workersRead MoreWhite Collar Crime And Corporate Crime1158 Words   |  5 PagesWhite-Collar Crime consists of occupational crime and corporate crime. Occupational crime refers to offences committed against legitimate institutions businesses or government by those with respectable social status. It includes the embezzlement of corporate funds, tax evasion, computer crime and expense-account fraud. It is not every day that we hear about white-collar crimes but these non-violent crimes are on the rise to the top. Federal Bureau of Investigation states that USA, for example recordedRead MorePunishment For White Collar Crimes Essay1533 Words   |  7 Pagesdoors† (Smith and Howat 109). White-collar crimes are explained in â€Å"White-collar crime† as, price fixing, false advertisement, and wiring and tampering with accounts belonging to anyone other than, in this case, the criminal (Levenson). With the advancements in techno logy and increase in satellite towers breaching financial accounts or even obtaining financial information has become effortless. Criminals commit the crime to improve their social status. These crimes do not include physically harmedRead MoreBlack Collar Crime : White Collar1828 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: Sometimes known as the ‘victimless’ crime, White Collar Crime includes crimes such as fraud, embezzlement and, more often than not, results in the criminal profiting money-wise which is one of the biggest lures into White Collar Crime (WCC). WCC, has become more and more easier and accessible as businesses move closer towards technology and further away from paper documents which makes it easier to commit WCC as, if you knew what you were doing, you could cover your tracks easier thanRead MoreThe Age Of White Collar Crime1463 Words   |  6 PagesWelcome to the age of white collar crime. A time when the words thieves and businessmen go hand in hand. White collar criminals don’t get their hands dirty in their work. They use their heads to get what they want instead of using a little muscle. These criminals are just as dangerous as the rapists and murderers. In these times, even the most seemingly respectable people are suspected of white collar crimes. President Clinton and the first lady Hillary Clinton have been tangled up in the Whitewater

Essay on American Identity - 956 Words

American Identity Works Cited Not Included American identity has been created by many events throughout the course of history. This country was founded on the clashing and mixing of many different cultures and lifestyles. One of the most important periods of time for this country was during the period of conflict between Americans and Native Americans over land rights. Americans had an idea of manifest destiny and that this land was theirs for the taking. The Americans were going to walk through anyone who opposed them in this quest for land. The treatment of the Indians during this time period was harsh, cruel, and violent to say the least. It is in this treatment that Americans came to view the Indians as a ?racialized other? and†¦show more content†¦(Takaki, 36). This thinking lead to the belief that the Indians were worthless and simply impeding the spreading of a civilized culture. Indians from this point began to be dehumanized even further. Due to the color of their skin they were associated with the Devil. Th e settlers believed that Indians must be removed in order to progress in the settling of our land. ?God was making room for the colonists and hath hereby cleared our title to this place? (Takaki, 40). The early Puritans believed that they were meant to spread their religion and beliefs across the entire land. The killing of Indians for this purpose could then be justified by they were doing what God had wanted them to do. They saw themselves as messengers of God and they needed to get rid of theses ?Devilish creatures to do so.? The English created these negative and unholy images of Indians to lower their own moral standards. In their minds they weren?t killing another human being, they were killing a demonic unholy beast. ?As the settlers made their way westward, they developed an ideology of ?savagery? (Takaki, 44). The natives were then considered to be an unimprovable race. They were incapable of being changed, their traits were inherent and their descent caused them to be this way. The thinking of the Americans was that the Indians had to removed off their lands. One of the leaders in this movement was Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson was a man who pushed for the advancement of hisShow MoreRelatedNative American Identity Essay1363 Words   |  6 Pages Cornell University Professor Clinton Rossiter explains identity as, â€Å"an intangible feeling. It is something that is felt†¦ An identity is not static. Feelings change with time and therefore, so can identity.†(http://ushistorythemes.weebly.com/american-identity.html). When colonists first arrived to North America, some people wanted to establish an identity unique to themselves and their new colonies. In the beginning, this proved challenging as they were constantly succumbing to Britain s authorityRead MoreErikson and Goffman on American Identity Essay1241 Words   |  5 Pages they think of McDonald’s, the Statue of Liberty, Hollywood film stars, and the list goes on. In terms of Americans, people associate Texans with cowboy boats, Californians with surfboards, and New Yorkers with a snobbish grin on their face. It is true that all these things represent America in one way or another, but what exactly is American identity? Erikson’s analysis on Amer ican identity has drawn attention to four topics: Mom, adolescent, boss, and machine. He links all four topics togetherRead MoreAsian American Identity Development Model886 Words   |  4 PagesRCIDM and Multiculturalism Having knowledge of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model will help counselors to become more culturally competent. Although we know these phases, one must be aware of the cultures that counselors will be working with and how one’s beliefs can hinder the process. The five stages of the Asian-American Identity Development Model, developed by Sue and Sue, are: The ethnic awareness stage, White identification stage, the awakening to the social political consciousnessRead More Diversity and the American National Identity Essays1637 Words   |  7 PagesDiversity and the American National Identity Greed is good, get get get, I want what you have, dont touch mine. This is what a friend of mine said when I asked for his conception of the American national identity is.1 Although this statement seems informal and absurd, it accurately reflects the dog-eat-dog world many people believe to be the American capitalist culture.2 Whether my friend said this with the intent of comic relief is inconsequential. Whether he knew it, the informant reflectsRead MoreThe Identity Of The American Revolution1527 Words   |  7 PagesThe identity of the American colonists prior to the American Revolution was still work in progress because there were certain events that helped shape their identity and led to the American Revolution. The American colonies were trying to break away from the British control because they wanted to become independent and be their own nation. Once the British began to realize the intentions of the colonists, they began to create laws, acts, and other forms things to keep the colonists under their controlRead MoreAfrican American Identity2425 Words   |  10 Pagessources of African American identity? The Discovery of African American Identity In the 1900s African American have slowly started to gain their rights after the end of slavery. It was a difficult and tedious process; however, they never gave up on what they believed in, which is â€Å"racial equality†. African American stood together in organizations, marches, and unions because they had something that united them which wasn’t just skin color; it was inequality and slavery. African Americans came togetherRead MoreAfrican Americans And Identity Of African American1169 Words   |  5 PagesIn the year of 1619, the largest oppressive legal structure in American History came about, the institution of slavery. Although slavery was abolished in the year of 1865, African Americans are still enslaved by intuitional racism. There are systems in place to keep minorities at a disadvantage. This system of oppression is carried by a number of factors such as; the segregation of black people in urban areas referred to as ghettos, mass incarceration rate for peo ple of color, large educational gapsRead MoreAsian American Identities Of Asian Americans Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pagesthat Asian Americans have been in Hollywood for decades, there are very few positive representations of them in film. More often than not, they’ve been depicted as stereotypical caricatures, and more specifically, as foreigners who can’t speak grammatically correct English. Moreover, the negative representations of Asian Americans in film has perpetuated certain misconceptions about their culture. Chan is Missing (1982) calls for more genuine representations of Asian American identities through itsRead MoreThe American Psychological Association Defines Gender Identity1301 Words   |  6 PagesJanuary 12, 2015 Professor Cormier English 101 The American Psychological Association defines gender identity as â€Å"one’s sense of oneself as male, female, or transgender† (â€Å"Definition of Terms: Sex, Gender, Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation† 1). Our culture greatly affects our gender identity, and this can be seen through how our media displays men, women, and transgenders. The media is a reflection of the values that are held in American culture and can be used to enact social reform, or toRead MoreThe Identity Of African Americans1758 Words   |  8 PagesRace was a primary factor used to shape the identity of African Americans which was seen through their culture. Race is portrayed through the narratives such as The life of Frederick Douglas by Frederick Douglass and the Autobiography of an Ex-colored man by James Weldon Johnson. In both the narratives, they state they are slaves due their race. First, this idea is supported in the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass when he states in the preface, â€Å"he was a slave â€Å"too (Douglass 325).

The communications media used in the educational system Free Essays

1. Executive Summary This report examines the means of communication at universities. A brief definition of communication will be given initially, followed by a description of the means of communication currently used in universities. We will write a custom essay sample on The communications media used in the educational system or any similar topic only for you Order Now The report then focuses on e-learning, examining the method and the blended distance course. Within the distance course will examine the synchronous and asynchronous method. So those will be presented this vantage and disadvantage of e-learning compared to the traditional teaching method, being concluded that the e-learning is essential to the educational system and recommended the implementation of distance education at University of Westminster 2. Introduction The communications media used in the educational system has been suffering major changes in recent times. The traditional method has been complemented or even replaced many times by the current method where e-learning has been outstanding. E-learning can bring great benefits to the educational system, complementing or being another option for those who do not have the opportunity to attend the traditional method. The aim of this report is to examine the communication system used on the educational system is special on higher education, focusing on the e-learning method. Firstly, it will talk about the means of communication, secondly the traditional teaching method, third on the e-learning and finally will present the advantages and disadvantages of e-learning compared to traditional teaching methods. 3. Communication The definition of Communication is given by Collins English Dictionary (2009) as â€Å"the exchange of information, ideas or feeling.† Communication can be classified and divided in different ways. According to Gallegher (2010), communication can be one-way or two way communication; verbal and non verbal, and also says that the communication can be inter or intra communication. 3.1. One way communication and two way communication. One way communication occurs when there is no feedback or interaction during the communication. Two way communication occurs when the recipient asks clarification and interacts with the sender 3.2. Verbal and non verbal The verbal communication occurs when there is the use of words and can be written or spoken. Examples of written communication are: newspapers, posters, advertisements, books, while some examples of spoken communication are: speeches, discussions, lectures and presentations. Non-verbal communication uses other means that is not through writing or speaking, such as facial expression and body language. 4. The means of communication in the educational system The means of communication used in the educational system has been through major transformations following the technological advancement. According to An evaluation of students, the traditional method of teaching in the UK and in most of the world is characterized by one-way transmission from the lecture to the student, which refers to the teacher-center model of teaching, where information is transmitted to the students through the knowledge of the teacher, without much questioning by the student. However, this method has been changed, and the aim of the educational system has been supporting the activities of students rather than simply convey information. According to Gibbs (1995:1) student-centered method, encourages â€Å"learner activity rather than passivity; students’ experience on the course, outside the institution-and prior to the course, process and competence, rather than the content where key decisions about learning are made by the student through negotiation with the teacher ‘. The growth of this new method of teaching has as a major factor, the implementation of e-learning by higher education institutions. 5. E-learning According to Clarke (2004), E-learning is a general term that covers different methods which have in common the use of Information and Technology of communication, and may be as a complement to a traditional course as well as an online course where teachers and students do not meet. The term e-learning is the result of a combination occurring between the educations with the help of technology. The e-learning added new meaning to apprenticeship and blew up the possibilities in disseminating of knowledge and information to students and, at a fast pace, opened up new horizons for the distribution and sharing of knowledge, making it also a form of democratization of knowledge for the layers of the population with access to new technologies, giving them the knowledge available, anytime and anywhere. With the development of web technology, the processes of interaction in real time became a reality, allowing to the student to have contact with knowledge, with the teacher and other students, through the media technological 5.1. Blended-Learning This is a new method that has been growing in popularity, which is based on e-learning as a complement to studies in the classroom. Clarke (2004:120), defines blended learning as â€Å"the integration of e-learning approaches with more traditional methods†. As an example of this method we can mention the Blackboard used by universities. 5.2. Distance courses The training and continual updating of knowledge and skills of human resources are now a crucial element to achieve an effective and efficient performance. The application of information technology and communication to the area of training led to the creation of a new mode of apprenticeship: the distance course. According to Mealy and Loller (2000), Distance Education (DE) occurs when education is provided without the student and the institution being on the same physical location.With the distance course the student starts to having time to learn at their own pace, with the assistance of a tutor, without losing the ability to interact with other course participants. 5.2.1 E-learning synchronous and asynchronous 5.2.1.1Synchronous There are two distinct ways of teaching through distance learning: Synchronous and Asynchronous. Synchronous is when teacher / tutor and student / trainees are in lesson to the same time. Can be cited as an example of resources synchronous phone, chat, video conferencing and web conferencing. Through web conferencing, the teacher ministers the classes and students can hear the contents transmitted by the teacher. Thus, students may also ask questions and discussions. This is the model that most closely resembles the traditional teaching. â€Å"The concept of classroom is extended to distance learning through the use of technology.† Mealy and Loller (2000:20) 5.2.1.2. Asynchronous In asynchronous e-learning, teacher and students are not in class to the same time. According to Mealy and Loller (2000), the main feature of this method is that the student can participate in the study schedule that suits you. The teacher also is not limited to a specific schedule and can answer questions or participate in discussions at different times of the student. The big difference in asynchronous e-learning is that time is â€Å"elastic† giving greater flexibility to the students in their learning, research and study. 5.3. Advantages and disadvantages of e-learning compared to traditional methods 5.3.1. Advantages According to Remenyi (2005), the three main benefits of e-learning are: Reducing the impact on the environment, quality education affordable and Convenience and flexibility for the student 5.3.1.1. Reducing the Impact on Environment There is no need of traveling; resulting in diminution of pollution reduces the use of papers thereby contributing to the environment 5.3.1.2. Quality education affordable Through e-learning, great teachers can share their knowledge without physical barriers, political, or economic, thus reducing the cost of education making it more affordable, – The student can study at a respected university, out of state or even country, e-learning takes the social and physical barriers by giving everyone the same level 5.3.1.3. Convenience and flexibility for the student The materials are more accessible, depending on the method, can be available 24 hours 7 days a week, with no need for change in lifestyle. The student has the opportunity to create a personalized pace. 5.3.2. Disadvantages According Remenyi (2005), the three major disadvantages related to the E-learning is the lack of interaction between student and teacher, the lack of interaction between students and the need for basic computer skills. 5.3.2.1. Lack of interaction between student and teacher The tutor has a higher difficulty in judging the level of acceptance, understanding and retention, since it is not possible an immediate response from the student. There is a need for a higher level of motivation and higher autonomy of learning than classroom training 5.3.2.2. Lack of interaction between students Depending on the method used e-learning, such as the course distance, because there is no participation in the classroom, there is no socialization among students, which can lead to negative outcomes such as lack of ability to work as a team. 5.3.2.3. Need for basic computer skills Need some experience in using computers and Internet usage, also some appetite for the use of technology 6. Conclusion With the increasingly widespread use of new information technologies and communication, it becomes essential the adoption of these in the teaching and apprenticeship. The process that performs this learning environment is called e-learning. In eLearning, flees to the traditional model of teaching, the learning process is student centered, which can build its self-education course, interacting with the available content according to their learning needs in a way flexible, how, when and wherever you want, being the teacher / trainer the catalyst developing this process. In eLearning, the papers the teacher / trainer and school / university are not being replaced. What changes is its function, no longer educational agents, to be partners in apprenticeship. Therefore personal contact is not unappreciated, but become more interesting. How to cite The communications media used in the educational system, Essay examples

Business Communication Essay Example For Students

Business Communication Essay Introduction: All day we are communicating – whether it is talking to people on the telephone or in person, talking dictation and transcribing business correspondence, liaising with colleagues and staff, writing letters, faxes, reports and e-mails. For attaining success in our practical life we must develop and enhance our communication skills. Meaning of Communication: Simply communication means sending and receiving a message. But this definition does not give us the real meaning about what communication is. Broadly, for better understand communication can be defined as a process of giving, receiving or exchanging information, opinions or ideas by writing, speech or visual means, so that the message communicated is completely understood by the recipients. Different scholars defined communication in different ways. Some mentionable scholar’s definition is given below; Communication is a dynamic, ever-changing, unending process by which people transmit information and feelings to others†. (Barker) â€Å"Communication is the field of knowledge which deals with the systematic application of symbols to acquire common information regarding an object or event†. (Kelly) â€Å"Communication is the process of transmitting meanings, ideas, and understanding of a person or a group to another person or group†. Megginson) In the light of above definition we can define communication as a task o f sending and receiving information, opinions, or ideas sometimes through verbal means (words spoken or written) and sometimes through non-verbal means (such as facial expression, gestures and voice qualities) or any combination of both verbal and non-verbal means so that the message communicated is received and understood by the recipients. Business Communication: Communication which deals with business activities is called business communication. In a wider sense, business communication is the transmission and accurate imitation of ideas ensured by feedback for the purpose of accomplishing organizational goals. Some scholars have given the following definitions regarding business communication; â€Å"Business communication is the ingredient that makes organization possible. It is the vehicle through which the basic management functions are carried out’. (LesikarPttit) â€Å"The exchange of ideas, news, and views in connection with the business among the related parties is called business communication†. W. H. Meaning) Therefore, business communication is the process of transmitting data, information, ideas, thoughts or opinions from one person to another person for attaining organizational objectives. Nature of communication: The term ‘communication’ stems from the Latin word â€Å"communis† which means common. However communication includes in addition to commonalty, the concepts of transmi ssion, meaning and information. When all these features are combined, communication takes a precise shape in the form of transmission of commonly meaningful information. This transmission involves a process of sending and receiving message. The process that communication involves is complicated because of its variety with the people, positions and situations. However it involves the following sequence of events: ideation, encoding, transmission through a channel. Communication is a dynamic process. Person engaged in communication often send and receive messages simultaneously. While you are receiving a message, you may at the same time be sending a new message to the original sender. To occur communication there must be three basic elements of communication. These are transmitting information by a person, receiving information by another person and meaningfulness of the received information. So mere sending and receiving a message is not adequate to constitute communication. Scope of communication: Communication is so inevitable in our lives from birth to death that it would be impossible to manage human behaviors and attitudes without it. Communication is an ever present activity in our lives. The scope of communication may be varying with the nature and size of the organization. However a brief description is given below regarding the scope of communication:- . Business functioning: For the proper functioning of business works every employee involved with the organization must have information to do his/her job. And communication conveys this information. 2. Decision making: Every organization needs to take decision in the field of production, distribution and other related fields for achieving the target. And communication plays vital role in decision making by supplying required information. 3. Implementation of plan: For the implementation of the plan properly it is necessary to direct, coordinate and control the activities of the stuff. And communication aids in these functions. 4. Industry: Communication supplies required information regarding the human resources and other resources essential for the production. 5. Distribution and marketing: To make the production effective, it must be to the use of the people. And communication through advertisement and salesmanship makes the people aware of the necessity of the goods. 6. Foreign trade: To deal with foreign trade; enquiring goods, insuring goods, making contract of foreign afreightment and so on are to be performed. These are all subjects of communicatio 7. Domestic and foreign investment: Investors of both home and abroad are contacted and motivated through communication to invest their money in industry and commerce. 8. Others: Communication is also inevitable in the field of industrial relations, transporting, warehousing, banking, social responsibilities, and public relations Functions of Communication: The main theme of communication is the exchange of meaningful information between two or more persons. Analysis of this definition indicates that communication performs several functions. These are summed up below; 1. Conveying message: The first and foremost function of communication is to convey a message to another person. 2. Furnishing data: Communication provides all necessary data for making the organizational plan and carries out orders and instructions for the implementation of the plan. 3. Regulating human behavior: Communication may be termed as the traffic light of an organization as it regulates human behavior to start work, to continue work and to stop work. 4. Aiding decision making: For the proper functioning of organization management has to take many decisions and communication helps management in this regard by supplying relevant information. 5. Facilitating coordination: For the achievement of organizational goals coordination among the various activities of different departments is indispensable. And by exchanging ideas and information communication facilitates coordination. 6. Facilitating social contact: Communication plays a vital role in establishing a social contact. 7. Motivating: Communication influences others to accomplish goals in a work setting. In this regard communication acts as a stimulus. 8. Controlling: Control clarifies duties, authorities and responsibilities of employees. Without adequate communication, the controlling function in an organization is not possible. 9. Publishing goods and services: Communication helps to sell more goods and thereby earn more profits by publicizing organization’s goods and services. 10. 11. Maintaining human relation with others: Internal communication is needed for efficient administration. But external communication is equally or more important for survival, growth and expansion of an organization. Communication maintain good relation both internal parties and external parties. So, it is seen that each and every activity of business involves communication. Communication helps to perform internal and external activities of a business. Therefore it acts as a life line for a business. Objectives of business Communication: The objectives of business communication are wide and large. Information, order, persuasion, warning, motivation, advice and raising morale are activated through the means of communication. The objectives of communication are stated below: 1. To exchange information: The prime objective of communication is to exchange information internally and externally i. e. to deal within the organization and outside the organization. 2. To achieve goal: The goal of the organization can be obtained through effective organizational communication. Every person tries to obtain such goal and therefore it requires effective communication. 3. To plan: Planning decides what is to be done in future. All the information and data which are required to make a plan for business can be obtained or gathered through communication. 4. Enhancement of employee skill: skilled and efficient employees are considered assets to the organization. Enhancing employee’s skill is one of the important purposes of communication. 5. Formulation and execution plans: Communication facilitates formulation and execution of plans through providing necessary data. 6. Direction to the subordinates: For better job performance, subordinates require specific instructions and orders from their respective boss. Communication is directed to this end. 7. Facilitating joint efforts: Management alone is helpless to achieve its goals. It requires cooperation of employees for the purpose. And communication facilitates joint effort between management and employees. 8. To facilitate direction and motivation: The boss gives direction or order to his subordinate. And managers need to motivate their employees to increase the concentration and productivity. Hence communication helps to facilitate direction and motivation. 9. To increase job satisfaction: Job satisfaction requires better job environment and better job environment is possible if there exists communication chain. Strong chain helps to overcome job related stress. 0. Maintenance of good labor relations: Good management labour relation is a prerequisite for achieving target results. By exchanging information between management and labor communication helps to maintain good labour relation. 11. To attract customers: To knock the door of potential customers with new product and service of an enterprise, there should exist an efficient communication. So better c ommunication will cause more customers and more customers will cause more profit. 12. Publicity: Every organization tries to expand their market by defeating competitors. Communication helps to attain this purpose by advertising. 13. Others: Besides these educating workers, changing future plan, obtaining overall development, managing human resources etc are also important objectives of communication. A communication is adapted to the needs and interests of the receiver in order to causes the receiver to react in a manner that accomplishes the purpose of the sender. Importance of Communication in Modern Business: Communication is extensively used in all stages of modern society. To be successful in today’s business world good communication is essential. The importance of communication in business may be stated as follows; 1) Achievement of goal: For achieving target results combined and cooperative efforts of every employee of the organization is must. Communication makes this task possible through encouraging employee commitment to organizational goals. 2) Provision for data for decision making: It helps the manager to obtain data for decision making to assist in searching problem and to know what actions are needed. 3) Smooth and efficient functioning: Communication helps in all managerial functions such as planning, organizing, motivating, directing and controlling. ) Delegation of authority and responsibility: Communication helps in decentralization of authority and delegation of responsibility to right person. 5) Increase in managerial competence: It helps to improve managerial competence and efficiency. As we know managers use various techniques or tools to command or control over resources. 6) Minimization of cost and time: E fficient communication attempts to minimize time and cost in case of exchange of information. If any message is required to be communicated to thousands of people then we have to think about Newspaper, Television or Radio which are strong media for ommunication. 7) Promotion of employee efficiency: Employees can know details of their duties, responsibilities and good methods of job performance well in advance through communication. Thus Communication helps in improving employee’s efficiency. 8) Proving job satisfaction: Several research findings indicate that employee dissatisfaction has an adverse effect on job performance. Sound communication helps to remove employee’s dissatisfaction and provide employees with satisfaction of individual and social needs. 9) Market research: The modern business world is very complex and competitive. In these environments, business organizations must be constantly well informed of the competitor’s latest position and strategy, customer’s attitude and tastes, market nature and magnitude etc. Communication can help management to conduct market research and thereafter to take appropriate steps. 10) Developing of mutual understanding and cooperation: For development of mutual understanding and cooperation among various persons or parties of the organization communication plays and immense role through interchange of feelings, thoughts etc. 11) Creation of successful leadership: Communication acts as the basis of leadership. If a leader and his followers can avail themselves of the frequent communication opportunity for free discussion for the matters of their mutual interests; weakness; sympathies and loyalties to the leader will increase. 12) Elimination of ramous: If the communication system is non-existent or faulty, rumors, grapevine inaccuracies, suspicion and unrest will prevail among the employees. 13) Development of relations: A congenial work environment is highly desirable for proper functioning. Communication can facilitate this by developing labour relations, union relations and communal relations 4) Discharge social responsibilities: Side by side with the profit making motive, modern organizations are also discharging some social responsibilities. They provide society with qualitative goods and services; solve unemployment problems, participating in philanthropic activities etc. Rendering these services to society depends of good external communication. Thus we find that communication plays important roles in the discharge of different activities of business organization. It is as important to an organization as blood to a human body. Principles of communication: In order to make business letter, memoranda, reports, representations and other forms of communication effective, some certain principles should be followed. The following principles are important for making communication effective; 1. Principles of clarity: The communication cycle begins with the generation of an idea in the mind of the transmitter. A great deal of clarity is needed at this stage. At the time of writing a message to anyone it should be keep in mind that the words used in the message is understandable and suitable for the receiver. 2. Principles of simplicity: Communication is an art. So a communicator should have the quality to present messages to the receiver in a simple language. Unnecessary jargon should be avoided. 3. Principles of completeness: In business communication completeness of facts is absolutely important. Incomplete communication irritates the reader for it leaves him baffled. Communication must include all the relevant facts-size, color, catalogue number, quantity, mode of payment, mode of dispatch, the date by which you need the information etc. 4. Principles of conciseness: A reader time is valuable. Don’t make him feel that he is wasting his time in going through your unnecessary lengthy letter; So keep your sentences concise. This means you say exactly what you need to say in a few words if possible. But this does not mean shortness in the literal sense. 5. Principles of courtesy: In business we must create friendliness with all those to whom we write. Friendliness is inseparable from courtesy. And courtesy demands a considerate and friendly behavior towards others. 6. Principles of consideration: Show reader centered attitude. Stress what the receiver wants to know. Also emphasize how the receiver will be benefited. . Principles of unity: Try to achieve unity in the sentence. Unity means oneness. This means all parts of a sentence should concern one thought. 8. Principles of mutual trust: Mutual trust between the parties involved in communication, is an important prerequisite for good communication. In the absence of mutual trust the real purpose of communication may no t be achieved. Therefore communicating should be base d on the principles of mutual trust. 9. Use of informal communication: With the application of formal communication, informal communication should also be used simultaneously. This is because informal communication acts as complement to the formal communication. 10. Principles of consistency: Messages sent at diffract times should be consistent with each other. Moreover, it must have consistency with the objectives and activities of the organization. The above principles will have charming effect on communication if they are observed rightly. Barriers to Communication: Communication is a way of exchanging message, information or emotions between sender and receiver. Any problem, interference or hindrances to the process of communication is defined as the barriers to communication. Many problems are encountered in our business and personal lives result from miscommunication. Generally following barriers exists between sender and recipient or a message becoming distorted: 1. Non-verbal signals: Non-verbal signals, often referred to as body language can provide valuable feedback where verbal communication is concerned. Such signals include facial expressions, gestures, movement, eye contact and nodding head. 2. Language: Choice of words is vital to the effectiveness of any communication. Many words have different meanings. Our background knowledge and experience affect our understanding. Foreign languages, dialects, regional accents and the use of technical/specialist language should always be considered. 3. Lack of concentration: Careful concentration is demanded if a communication is to be understood. Success at gaining attention may depend on the words used, the way communication is expressed, our interest in the speaker, our interest in the communication and various other factors. 4. Pre-judgment: What is understood is often conditioned by what we already know and by our background knowledge and experience. Often we hear what we want to hear, or what we think we have heard, instead of what has actually been said. . Relationships: The effectiveness of any communication may depend on our relationship with the person giving the message. If relationships between people are not good, communication may fail to be effective or may break down altogether. 6. Emotional responses: Communication cannot succeed if a person is highly emotional about the topic concerned. Proble ms may arise from insecurity, fear, anger etc. If emotions are high on the part of the sender or recipient, then it would be better to wait for a while before trying to put the message across. 7. Others: Apart from the barriers to communication already discussed there are so many barriers to communication such as; complex organizational structure, lack of policies, wrong explanation, fear, cultural difference, facial expressions, individual differences, negotiation methods, noise etc. Overcoming barriers to communication: Against various barriers to communication following measures should be taken to overcome these barriers: 1. Efficient management system: Efficient communication system in an organization depends on the management efficiency. So management should be efficient enough to make its communication system up to date. . Selection of right media: The media for communication should be selected according to the organizational environment, size and importance of the message, position of receiver and other relevant aspects. Wrong selection of media will obviously cause miscommunication. 3. Feedback: For effective communication we must ensure feedback from receiver. Withou t feedback the communication process remains incomplete. 4. Idea about the receiver: Sender should have better ideas regarding the thought, feeling, and opinion of receiver of the message. Such ideas will help the sender to make a fruitful communication. 5. Attentive listening: To make effective communication, both sender and receiver should be attentive listener from their respective position. 6. Use of simple and meaningful words: Communication must avoid vague words and use simple words which are meaningful in the mind of receiver. 7. Informal relations: Before making any formal communication, informal relation can play a vital role to make communication effective. 8. Consistency between word and work: If the work is according to word then communication becomes effective and fruitful. 9. Communication audit: Communication audit acts as a fruitful method to improve communication. Wastewater Treatment EssayWhen some people informally exchange their opinions among them in any place and at any time, it is conversation. (2) Interview: Talking or discussions a predetermined subject between an interviewer and an interviewee is eagles an interview. (3) Group discussion: Through this system of communication, an aide is exchanged through the discussion of a group of people. It may also be termed a committee meeting. (4) Meeting: Meeting is the assembly of some people in a common place to discuss any matter. In meeting, participants discuss the selected matter and lastly take decision on consensus. Meeting may be various types such as, board meeting, annual general meeting statutory meeting. (5)Conference: Conference is very commonly used media of oral communication. It is arranged to discuss any important issue with the interested people on that issue. There are various types of conferences like, press conference, workers conference, political conference and so an. (6) Dias speech: Now-a-days Business leaders arrange dais speech to inform any matter to the general people. (7) Party Program: Sometimes various types of parties are arranged to discuses opinion, exchanging greeting feelings, idea wishes and etc. uch as, tea party, launch party, dinner party, birthday party etc. (8) Lectures: Lecture is one of the effective media of oral communication. This method is used to communicate with the trainees and students. (9) Others: Others mean Advisory board, Training course, special prize giving ceremony and so on. ( B ) Mechanical or electronic media of oral communication: Various types of machines or technologies are used to exchange information in oral communication; ideas, feelings and opinions views between sender and receiver. Now below the discuses of widely used mechanical media of oral communication: . Telephone: Telephone is the most common and widely used mechanical media of oral communication. Now-a-day, without telephone we cannot think of conducting business information. In the past, fixed line telephone was used but in modern time cell phones are more commonly used. 2. Television: Television is also an important media of oral communication television is not also more effective media of oral communication in business but also in social life. 3. Radio: Radio is an important media of oral communication. Radio transmits important news for general people. 4. Video-conference: Video-conference is the latest electronic technologies of oral communication. Video confirming is the exchange of message between individuals or groups of people who are geographically dispersed. In video-conference, the participater not only hears but also sees each other. It is a very expressive media of oral communication. PRINCIPLES/GUIDELINES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION To make oral communication successful, communications should follow some basic principles or guidelines or essentials. The principles to be followed in oral communication are as follows: ) Taking preparation: The communicator should take necessary preparation before delivering the speech. Here preparation means thinking, analyzing and planning the message to be delivered. 2) Preparing a draft of the speech: The communicator should make a draft copy of the speech. The make the speech attractive, the speaker can practice the draft copy at home. 3) Using simple words: In oral communication the speaker sh ould use simple and familiar words. Because of simple and familiar words can easily attract the interest of the listeners. We should avoid confusion words. ) Clear pronunciation: To make the speech attractive and effective the speaker should have some skills. Oral communication depends on clear pronunciation. 5) Speaking slowly: Slow speaking is very effective for clear understanding if the speaker speaks very rapidly, the listeners may fail to follow him. The speaker should slow speaking for making the message understandable to the audience. 6) Control of voice: We know that oral communication means communicates others through spoken words. So voice is an important matter of oral communication. If the voice of the speaker not clear, than the message is not understandable for listeners. ) Attractive presentation: Attractive presentation is another important principle to make oral communication effective. A speaker should use very lucid language and sweet voice. So as to attract is t he receiver’s attention easily. 8) People’s concentration: Most people lose concentration after listening for a few minutes Before passing on to the next one to make the audience attentive by making a joke or comic so of tin. 9) Strong personality: Strong personality is another principle of oral communication. The presenter can draw the attention of his audiences by strong personality. Personality of the speaker depends on his courtesy, dresses, manner, and conversation style and so on. 10) Repeating key words: When the speaker speaks very rapidly and using less familiar words then the audiences may fail to understand the message clearly that time speaker should repeat the key words more than once. This helps the audiences to understand. 11) Courteous: Courtesy costs nothing but may present many things. So a speaker should be courteous while speaking with audiences. ADVANTAGES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION OR IMPORTANCE OF ORAL COMMUNICATION Nowadays oral communication provides a number of advantages or merits to it users. In Business, it is found that managers spend about 74 percent of their time in communication orally. In one survey 55 percent of executives sampled that their own written communication skills were poor so they prefer oral communication some of the major advantages of oral communication are described below: 1. Quick and Prompt transmission: Another primary advantage is that, oral communication is direct in nature. It ensures speedy and prompt transmission of message from the sender to the receiver. 2. Close contract: Oral communications are merits close contract between speaker and audiences. There can effectively communicate with each to other. 3. Time saving: Oral communication transmits messages instantly. Where it needs rapid action, it is best to send a message orally. They transmit a message through a telephone call. 4. Saving cost: when oral communication is done within the organization by means of face-to-face conversation, it certainly saves money. That time, it does not require to pay telephone, E-mail bills and to buy paper, pen or other stationeries. 5. Motivation: Senior Officers and sub ordinate staff can sit face to face and exchange their views directly. Such that they are motivates to their works. 6. Powerful means: Speech is considered to be more powerful means of persuasion and control. For this strength, most of the speaker prefers oral communication to written communication. 7. Quick feed back: Quick feed back is another important advantage of oral communication. The sender can get quick feed back and can provide further information to convey the message. 8. Friendly Relations: The informal nature of oral communication helps to promote friendly relations between communicator and communicate. 9. Creating understanding: It is impossible to achieve organization goals without understanding among the managers of the organization. It is more powerful than written communication. 10. Avoiding formalities: Oral communication does not maintain excessive formalities as written communication. The parties can exchange their information, wishes at their convenient time and place. It helps in avoiding excessive formalities. 11. Communication with illiterate persons: Oral communication is the best method of communication with illiterate people. The illiterate people cannot read and write. There fore, oral communication is only the way to exchange ideas, information, feeling, opinions etc. with them. 12. Special fields of use: Oral communication is only the best effective method of communication with groups at meeting, seminars and assemblies. DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION Through oral communication is the most widely used method of communication but it also suffers from certain drawbacks, which are described below; 1. No Record: In oral communication, messages are not preserved and hence they are no where to be found in the record book. Naturally, these messages cannot be referred back in the future. 2. Leakage of secret information: At the time of communicating with others orally, the communicator may carelessly express secret information in front of other outside party. This brings unpleasant consequences for the business. 3. Limited use: Oral communication is found suitable when messages are not lengthy. But if messages are voluminous, they are not suitable for oral transmission because of the likelihood of some important messages being missed. 4. Lack of understanding: In oral communication there is every possibility that the spoken words are not clearly heard or understood, therefore there is a change of misunderstanding. . Expensive: To transmit messages at a distant place, costly mechanical devices like telephone, television etc. are to be used. On the other hand, if conferences and meetings are held, then also expenses are to be incurred on entertainment. 6. Late Decision: It takes time to reach decisions. At the beginning stage, sometime is liked in the discussion of some p ersonal matters. Besides, some time is also wasted for irrelevant discussion. In this way decision making is delayed. 7. Confused speech: Sometimes a recover fail to understand the meaning of a message due to the stammering habit or indistinct pronunciation of the peaker. The purpose of communication becomes difficult to be achieved through such communication. 8. Time consuming: Sometimes oral communication becomes time consuming, especially in meeting and conferences where nothing comes out after long discussion. 9. Others: (I) Inaccuracy (ii) Distorted meaning (iii) No legal validity (iv) Problems in presentation (v) Emotion (vi) Less weight Under what circumstances oral communication is more effective: The nature of advantages emerging from oral communication makes it more effective (than written communication) in certain conditions. Under the following circumstances, oral communication plays more effective role than written communication. 1. Immediate Response: For effective communication feed back is a must. If any response needs to be known immediately it can be done better through oral communication. 2. Maintaining secrecy: Oral communication is best suited when information is to be kept secret. Written communication leaks secrecy as the message passes from hand to hand. 3. Illiterate receivers: When the receivers are illiterate, written communication is meaningless to them. Oral communication is only the way to communicate with them. . Oral Explanation: If any instruction or method of doing a work needs elaborate discussion, oral communication will best serve the purpose. 5. Value of Time: If sufficient time’s not available to exchange a message, oral communication will be best suited to exchanges views between the communicator and communicate within a short span of time. 6. Avoiding Bureaucratic Comp lexities: Bureaucratic Complexity delays the communication. In order to avoid any delay caused by bureaucracy or red-tapes, oral communicator should be used instead of written communication. 7. Direct Relations: Sometimes a communication wishes to contract directly with communicate. In that case, oral communication is more helpful. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION Written communication is one kind of verbal communication. It means exchanging information in written words. Some popular definitions of written communication are given below: According to Bovee and others, â€Å"Written communication is the expression of ideas through words that are meant to be read. † According to M. Omar Ali, â€Å"A message communicated in written form is known as written communication. † Rajendra Pal and J. S. Korla said, â€Å"Everything that has to be written and transmitted in the written form fall in the area of written communication. † In final, it is said that the messages that are transmitted in written form are as the written communication. There have many types of written communication. This are- (1) Letter, (2) Memo (Memorandum), (3) Report, (4) Graphs/charts, (5) Staff newsletters, (6) E-mail , (7) Fax, (8) Form/Questionnaire, (9) Notice, (10) Minutes etc. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD WRITTEN COMMUNICATION Characteristics of a good written communication are discussed below: ) Easy language: Easy language should be used in written communication . The sentences of written communication must be understandable to the reader. 2) Structure: Definite structure must be followed in drafting any written document. Every written form has its own structure. 3) Accurate and precise: A good written document must be accurate and precise. Written communication insists on greater accuracy and precision. 4) Direct speech: A Direct speech should be used in written communication. Indirect and passive sentences must be avoided. 5) Paragraph Design: A good written communication bears a paragraph design. Paragraphing is also important to clear communication. 6) Error less: A good written document must be free from error in both grammar and language. 7) You –Attitude: There must be you attitude in written communication. The reader can be impressed for this. Personal and organizational images: A good written communication bears the personal image of the written it also increases the organizational image as a whole. MEDLAS OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION The Medias of written communication can be classified as follows. ( A ) Medias of written communication for Management: 1) Special Management Bulletin: The bulletin which is issued for emergency atters related to management is called special management bulletin. This kind of bulletin must be published promptly. 2) Management News copy: The less important management issues are published in this news copy. Generally this news copy is published weekly. 3) Formal Management Report: Formal Management report is one the most important Medias o f written communication for management. It emphasizes the upward communication. 4) Officers’ Notebook/Handbook Sometimes high officials are given handbook of the company in which rules. Procedures, principles, work facilities are stated. It acts as a guide of the officer. ) Publications: Some organizations publish special journals/ publications for the high level officer. It provides officers information about lost-reduces, safety system, decreases, of accident, improvement of quality etc. ( B ) Medias of written communication for Employees: 1. Bulletin for Employees: Bulletin is published to inform the employees of emergency and important matters within a very short time. Generally it is hanged on a notice board. 2. Newspaper: Newspaper is a wide used media to communicate with employees. Companies planning Policy, procedure objectives, problems are published in it to inform the employees. Generally it is published weekly. 3. Publication of Monthly Paper: Some large companies publish it to inform everything to the employees. Company’s role and plan are also stated here. 4. Letters: Letter is one of the most important Medias of written communication for employees. Sometimes the higher authority sends letter to the employees without asking any response. 5. Employee’s Notebook: Sometimes the management supplies notebook to the employees in which speech of executives, history of the organization. Planning, policy, order to the work are stated. 6. Reading Rack: Necessary books for the employees can be arranged in the shelf so that they can read and get knowledge. 7. Notice: Notice is an important media to communicate with employees. By which the employees are invited to attend a special meeting. 8. Internal Circular: It is one of the most important Medias of written communication. It is used for internal communication. When all the employees are informed at a time internal circular is used. 9. Daily Newspaper: Daily newspaper is used to warn the employees due to long absence from the organization. Sometime it is used as a precious notice before termination. 10. Complain Book: A complain book can be kept in a definite place so that the employees can write their complaints in it. 11. Memo: Memo is a popular media of internal written communication. Memo is a short form of letter usually used to communicate with the employees of the same organization etc. 12. Other Medias: i) Salary Envelope ii) Annual Financial Reports/Statements iii) note Sheet iv) Question Box v) Essay Competition etc. ADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION There are some advantages of written communication. They are discussed below: 1) Easy to Preserve: The documents of written communication are easy to preserve. Oral and Non-verbal communication cannot be preserve. If it is needed, important information can be collected from the preserved documents. 2) Easy presentation of complex matter: Written communication is the best way to represent any complex matter easily and attractively. 3) Easy to Verify: The information and messages that are preserved can be verified easily. If there arises any misunderstanding, any party can easily verify the information. 4) Prevention of wastage of time and money: written communication prevents the wastage of money and time. Without meeting with each other the communicator and communicate can exchange their views. ) Accurate Presentation: Through the documents of written communication top executive can present the information more accurately and clearly. As it is a legal document everybody takes much care to draft it. 6) Uses as reference: If it is needed, written communication can be used as future reference. 7) Delegation of authority: Written communication can help the authority to delegate the power and authority to the subordinate. It is quite impossible to delegate power without a written document. 8) Longevity: Written document can be preserved for a long time easily. That is why; all the important issues of an organization should be black and white. 9) Effective communication: Written communication helps to make communication effective. It is more dependable and effective than those of other forms of communication. 10) Maintaining image: Written communication helps to maintain the images of both the person and the organization. It also protects the images of the company/organization. 11) Proper information: It is a proper and complete communication system. There is no opportunity to include any unnecessary information in a written document. 2) Less distortion possibility: In this communication system information is recorded permanently. So there is less possibility of distortion and alteration of the information. 13) No opportunity to misinterpret: there is any opportunity to misinterpret the information/messages of written communication. 14) Controlling tool: Written communication can help to control the organizational activity. The written docu ment may be used as a tool of controlling. DISADVANTAGES/LIMITATIONS OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION The limitations and disadvantages of written communication are given below: ) Expensive: Written communication is comparatively expensive. For these communication paper pen, ink, type writer celestial machine, computer and a large number of employees are needed. 2) Time consuming: Written communication takes too to communicate with others. It is a time consuming media. It costs the valuable time of the both the writer and the reader. 3) Red-Taoism: Red-Taoism is one of the most disadvantages of written communication. It means to take time for approval of a project. 4) Useless for illiterate person: It messages receiver is illiterate, written communication is quite impossible. This is the major disadvantage of written communication 5) Difficult to maintain secrecy: It is an unexpected media to keep business secrecy. Secrecy is not always possible to maintain through written communication because it needs to discuss everything in black and white. 6) Lack of flexibility: Lack of flexibility is one of the most important limitations of written communication because written document can not be changed easily. 7) Delay in response: It takes much time to get response from the message receiver; prompt response is not possible in case of written communication that is p